燃料电池:从电催化到关键材料

介绍了在燃料电池关键材料与电催化方面的一些研究进展,特别是理论计算与实验研究相结合对燃料电池催化剂构效关系和聚合物电解质的研究.主要内容包括1 nm Pt颗粒的构效关系;Pd催化活性的电子调控与形貌剪裁;以及使用非贵金属催化剂的碱性聚合物电解质燃料电池研究等.     

Dual Catalysis with Copper and Rhenium for Trifluoromethylation of Propargylic Alcohols: Efficient Synthesis of α‐Trifluoromethylated Enones

Trifluoromethylation of propargylic alcohols to provide (Z)‐α‐trifluoromethylated enones and β‐unsubstituted α‐trifluoromethylated enones proceeded with high yield and selectivity in the presence of CuI/Re₂O₇. The Z isomer was formed under kinetic control, though it is less stable than the E isomer in terms of steric repulsion.     

Well‐Defined Iron Complexes as Efficient Catalysts for “Green” Atom‐Transfer Radical Polymerization of Styrene,Methyl Methacrylate,and Butyl Acrylate with Low Catalyst Loadings and Catalyst Recycling

Environmentally friendly iron(II) catalysts for atom‐transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) were synthesized by careful selection of the nitrogen substituents of N,N,N‐trialkylated‐1,4,9‐triazacyclononane (R₃TACN) ligands. Two types of structures were confirmed by crystallography: “[(R₃TACN)FeX₂]” complexes with relatively small R groups have ionic and dinuclear structures including a [(R₃TACN)Fe(μ‐X)₃Fe(R₃TACN)]⁺ moiety, whereas those with more bulky R groups are neutral and mononuclear. The twelve [(R₃TACN)FeX₂]_n complexes that were synthesized were subjected to bulk ATRP of styrene, methyl methacrylate (MMA), and butyl acrylate (BA). Among the iron complexes examined, [{(cyclopentyl)₃TACN}FeBr₂] ( 4 b ) was the best catalyst for the well‐controlled ATRP of all three monomers. This species allowed easy catalyst separation and recycling, a lowering of the catalyst concentration needed for the reaction, and the absence of additional reducing reagents. The lowest catalyst loading was accomplished in the ATRP of MMA with 4 b (59 ppm of Fe based on the charged monomer). Catalyst recycling in ATRP with low catalyst loadings was also successful. The ATRP of styrene with 4 b (117 ppm Fe atom) was followed by precipitation from methanol to give polystyrene that contained residual iron below the calculated detection limit (0.28 ppm). Mechanisms that involve equilibria between the multinuclear and mononuclear species were also examined.     

H6PMo9V3O40/SiO2催化剂催化酚类化合物选择性硝化

为创建洁净高效的酚类化合物硝化工艺,以杂多酸H6PMo9V3O40(PMAV3)为活性组分,硅胶为载体,浸渍法制备了负载型催化剂PMAV3/SiO2,采用红外光谱、X射线衍射谱、N2吸附-脱附法及TG-DSC分析等测试技术对该催化剂的结构及热稳定性进行了表征;考察了该催化剂对多种酚类化合物硝化反应的催化性能。结果显示,该催化剂对多种酚类化合物的硝化反应具有很强的催化活性和区域选择性,产率为83.7%~94.5%,其中苯酚、邻甲酚、邻氯苯酚和邻氟苯酚以邻位硝化产物居多,水杨酸的对位硝化产物占绝对优势;负载催化剂的织构性质与载体相近,但随负载量增加,比表面积逐渐降低;PMAV3/SiO2的热稳定性好于本体PMAV3。催化剂回收容易,重复使用5次,活性基本不变。     

Ce-Cu-Co/CNTs催化剂催化合成气制低碳醇及乙醇的研究

采用共浸渍法制备了不同Ce含量的Ce-Cu-Co/CNTs催化剂,考察了其在合成气制低碳醇反应中的催化性能,借助X射线衍射(XRD)、程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、N2吸脱附实验(BET)、透射电镜(TEM)和CO程序升温脱附(CO-TPD)对这些催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,当Ce的质量分数为3%时,低碳醇的时空收率和选择性达到最高,分别为696.4 mg?g-1?h-1和59.7%,其中乙醇占总醇的46.8%,适量Ce的添加能提高Cu物种在催化剂上的分散度和催化剂的还原性能,能显著地增加催化剂吸附CO的能力,促进合成醇活性位的形成,进而明显提高催化剂的活性和总醇的选择性.研究表明,将具有高活性和高碳链增长能力的CuCo基催化剂与碳纳米管的限域效应结合,可实现缩窄产物分布、大幅度提高乙醇选择性的目的.     

碱性固体燃料电池碱性聚合物电解质膜的最新研究进展

最近,碱性聚合物电解质膜燃料电池(APEMFC)因具有电极反应动力学快以及不依赖于贵金属铂催化剂等诸多优点而成为一个热门话题.作为其中一个关键部件,碱性聚合物电解质膜直接影响燃料电池的性能和成本.然而,迄今为止,仍然没有令人满意的碱性电解质膜材料.为此,大量研究被开展和报道.本文综述了近三年内文献中关于燃料电池碱性聚合物电解质膜的最新研究进展:包括各种各样的合成策略,构效关系,水管理以及非原位或原位稳定性测试等等.尤其是一些新的金属离子基阴离子交换膜和冠醚基阴离子交换膜首次被提及和评论.此外,还进一步预测了将来的发展趋势.     

Chiral Palladacycle Catalysts Generated on a Single‐Handed Helical Polymer Skeleton for Asymmetric Arylative Ring Opening of 1,4‐Epoxy‐1,4‐dihydronaphthalene

Post‐polymerization C? H activation of poly(quinoxaline‐2,3‐diyl)‐based helically chiral phosphine ligands (PQXphos) with palladium(II) acetate afforded chiral phosphapalladacycles quantitatively. In situ generated palladacycles exhibited enantioselectivities up to 94 % ee in the palladium‐catalyzed asymmetric ring‐opening arylation of 1,4‐epoxy‐1,4‐dihydronaphthalenes with arylboronic acids.     

可循环磁性Pt/Fe_3O_4-MCNT催化剂上的肉桂醛选择性加氢反应

采用多步法依次将制备的Fe3O4纳米颗粒和Pt纳米颗粒负载到多壁碳纳米管(MCNT)上得到Pt/Fe3O4-MCNT磁性催化剂,以X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、超导量子干涉磁强计(SQUID)和热重-差热分析(TG-DTA)对Pt/Fe3O4-MCNT磁性催化剂的结构和磁性质进行了表征。研究发现预制备的Fe3O4纳米颗粒与Pt纳米颗粒均匀地分散于MCNT上,新制备以及多次使用后的Pt/Fe3O4-MCNT室温下都具有良好的超顺磁性。研究了Pt/Fe3O4-MCNT磁性催化剂上的肉桂醛选择性加氢反应,结果显示催化剂具有良好的C=O加氢活性,肉桂醛转化率在50%左右时,肉桂醇选择性可达96%以上。尺寸均一的Pt粒子均匀的分散在催化剂上可能是催化剂具有良好的C=O加氢选择性的重要原因。在外加磁场作用下催化剂可以高效地从液相反应体系中分离,经多次循环使用后仍具有良好的催化性能。     

高比表面CexTi1-xO2催化剂的结构表征及其HCl催化氧化性能

以硝酸铈,硫酸钛为前驱体,用氨水共沉淀法制备了一系列CexTi1-xO2催化剂.利用XRD、Raman、N2吸附-脱附、H2-TPR对催化剂进行了表征并考察了其催化HCl氧化制Cl2的性能.结果表明:复合氧化物较CeO2和TiO2更加分散甚至高度弥散,大大增加了其比表面积,最高可达170.5 m2·g-1,同时CeO2与TiO2之间的相互作用显著提高了其可还原氧物种数目,改善了其氧化还原性能.催化反应结果表明,复合氧化物的活性较CeO2和TiO2显著提升,Ce0.1Ti0.9O2表现出了良好的氯化氢催化氧化能力和较好的催化稳定性,在430℃时氯气产率可以达到0.90 gCl2·gcat-1·h-1,反应60 h后,氯气产率稳定在0.76 gCl2·gcat-1·h-1.